Racial Profiling And The Black Communities - 1220 Words

Racial Profiling and the many Problems that Arise from It Racial profiling is still an ongoing issue that occurs and such an issue has led to many problems for the minority groups of this country. Whether it be African Americans, Indians, Asians, Mexicans, or Muslims, all have faced profiling at some point in time. The problems caused by this controversial subject include the impending distrust between black communities and law enforcement, unfair treatment towards all minorities by law enforcement, verbal and physical abuse of minorities by police officers which can sometimes lead to death, emotional unstableness of the victims whom have faced such a terrible judgement, and the negative impact it has on children of the minority groups. Many black communities throughout the U.S. have a complete lack of trust in law enforcement due to the dangers of being profiled, and this lack of trust is mainly active in the poor black communities. Many of the individuals of black communities feel this type of distrust because when police are present in these communities, they are viewed as an â€Å"occupying force coming in from the outside to rule and control the community† (Washington). More times than not racial profiling has often led to police brutality, all the more reason why there is no trust between those that reside in black communities, and police officers. The lack of trust that has been established between law enforcement and black communities is in-part due to unfairShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling in Canada1166 Words   |  5 PagesRacial profiling is the act of selecting targets for criminal investigation not on behavioural merit, but exclusively on markers of personal identity such as race, ethnicity, and religious orientation (Perry, 2011, p.9). In other words, racial profiling is the by-product of subjecting individuals who are from a particular racial community to a higher degree of scrutiny and surveillance by criminal justice system agents when compared to other racial communities (Wortley and Owusu-Bempah, 2011, p.135)Read MoreProfessional Racism and Discrimination1117 Words   |  5 Pagesrace as a basis to catch criminals. Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for believing an individual is suspicious of committing a crime. Discriminatory or abusive behavior towards people of color affects the justice system and violates people’s human rights. The LAPD continues to use racial profiling against mostly African-Americans and Latinos. The use of racial profiling by the LAPD prevents the police from serving the whole community. Because of the LAPD’s neglect towardsRead MoreBlack Lives Matter Is An International Activist Movement1693 Words   |  7 Pages Black Lives Matter Movement Black Lives Matter is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community that campaigns against violence towards black people. â€Å"Black lives matter† became a rallying cry of a new chapter in the long black freedom struggle. Its unique campaign contributes beyond extrajudicial killings of Blacks by policemen and vigilantes. It all started year 2013, after a white/hispanic male, â€Å" George Zimmermanâ€Å" was found not guilty of the fatal murderRead MoreRace And Crime : Criminal Justice System1460 Words   |  6 Pageshave a racial bias against blacks and incarcerate them in larger numbers than any other race. Statistically, blacks have a higher arrest and incarceration rate than other races do. Due to police being taught that racial profiling is a necessary part of the job, blacks have now become a prime target for many false arrests and often serve jail time for a crime they may not have committed. The black community often expresses their distaste with the criminal justice system, and how their community is handledRead MoreRacial Profiling Term Paper1588 Words   |  7 PagesRacial profiling is a popular method used by law officers in order to hypothetically enhance crime prevention by targeting minorities, because they are more likely to commit a crime. According to Wikipedia, racial profiling is defined as: the inclusion of race in the profile of a person considered likely to commit a particular crime or type of crime. In other words, it is targeting specific ethnic groups because they are more likely to commit certain crimes. Racial profiling is a flagrant form ofRead MoreRacial Profiling And The American Society1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of racial profiling is very prominent in our American society. I witness accounts of it every day, whether it is while going through an airport, reading about crime, and it’s heavily influenced within the world of politics. Racial profiling is a way for la w enforcement to target certain individuals that are suspected of committing a crime. This involves race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, etc. The act of racial profiling allows law enforcement to alienate certain communities, which, in turnRead MoreThe Devastaing Effects of Racial Profiling1064 Words   |  5 Pageshave never been a victim of racial profiling, but I will be 16-years old this summer and able to drive to school, to a friends house or to shop at the mall. I realize that it is a possibility that I could be racially profiled at some point. There have been recent incidents that made racial profiling a very controversial issue. On February 26, 2012 in Sanford, Florida, Trayvon Martin, an unarmed, 17-year old African-American high school student walked through a gated community and was fatally shot afterRead MoreRacism And The Criminal Justice System1739 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom society that nobody understands it unless they witness it firsthand and with the media spread ing filtered information, it becomes even harder for us to identify the key issue; this is especially the case when dealing with the police and racial profiling. If you turn on the news and flip to a channel where it is reporting on the police and their arrests, you will most likely see more arrests pertaining to minorities than other ethnicities. In the news, we can often see a misrepresentation ofRead MoreRacial Profiling Against African Americans1614 Words   |  7 PagesIs Racial Profiling Justified Racial Profiling Against African Americans Racial profiling is simply, â€Å"the unlawful police practice of using race, color, or ethnic background, as the reason for conducting a traffic stop on an individual.† (Michigan Civil Rights Commission) This definition can be extended to any kind of discrimination mainly based on myths and stereotypes towards a certain race or ethnicity. However, the term racial profiling is commonly used when a police officer or anyRead MoreRacial Profiling And Its Impact On Society1209 Words   |  5 PagesCases of Racial Profiling There are tons of cases of Racial Profiling. Now a days many people are being targeted or attacked by racial profiling. Laws are being passed but not every police officer is following up with it. And because of this more and more people are becoming irritated with the government system. Just because a particular person from a particular race does something wrong, everyone from that race is being discriminated by so-called other races. Racial profiling is getting

The Imagery of Fire in Edwidge Danticat’s “A Wall of Fire...

The Imagery of Fire in Edwidge Danticat’s â€Å"A Wall of Fire Rising† The imagery of fire in Edwidge Danticat s short story â€Å"A Wall of Fire Rising† possesses a very powerful meaning and also continually changes throughout the entirety of the story. Fire was a very sacred thing to have, especially during the time this story has taken place. One example of how fire is used in the story A Wall of Fire Rising is the fire that is burning deep down inside of Big Guy. This fire is a metaphor of the build up of all of Big Guy s emotions and frustrations that happen and are presented throughout his life. Big Guy struggles with his inner self a lot. He is also ashamed because he has not had a job in six months, and even that job†¦show more content†¦In this perspective, the kerosene lamp represents Little Guy’s ambition of wanting success in his play and approval from his parents. No matter how dim the light was in the family’s hut, Little Guy was determined to learn his lines next to the lamp: â€Å"The boy went back to the corner where he had been studying and pulled out a thick book carefully covered in brown paper.† (pg 233) â€Å"He had to strain his eyes to see the words by the light of an old kerosene lamp, which that night – like all others – flickered as though it was burning it’s very last wick.† (pg 233) Learning these lines were super important to Little Guy because he wanted to do well in his play for school. Having such a significant part in the school play and being Boukman made Little Guy proud and he also wanted his parents to approve of him and be proud of him too. Little Guy would constantly interrupt Big Guy and Lili from their conversations or whatever they were doing by bringing up his lines in anyway possible: â€Å"A man is judged by his deeds,† she said. â€Å"The boy never goes to bed hungry. For as long as he’s been with us, he’s always ben fed.† (pg 242) â€Å"Just as if he had heard himself mentioned, the boy cam e dashing from the other side of the field, crashing on top of his parents.† â€Å"My new lines,† he said. â€Å"I Have forgotten my new lines.† (pgShow MoreRelatedThe Struggle of the People of Haiti in Edwidge Danticats Novel Krik? Krak!1204 Words   |  5 PagesEdwidge Danticats novel Krik? Krak! reflects the struggling people of Haiti from the 1960’s to the 1990’s. Danticat, born in Haiti, grew up hearing stories about her homelands past. She learned about the hardships and struggles her elders went through in Haiti. Danticat composed nine short stories that reveal the unmasking truth of what it was like in the previous generations to keep the history of her home country alive. Within the characters in these stories, she describes the inequality, cruelty

Competition and Consumer act in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Critically analyse how the Australian Consumer Law affects developers selling land insofar as that law governs: A. Misrepresentation; and B. Unfair Contract Terms. Answer: Introduction Competition and Consumer Act, 2010[1] is the legislation in Australia, which offers protection to the consumers and also works towards promotion of competition in the nation. Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act contains the specific provisions for the protection of consumers in the nation and this Schedule is known as the Australian Consumer Law (ACL)[2]. The act came into force on 01st Jan, 2001 and replaced the erstwhile act of Trade Practices Act, 1974[3]. ACL is a comprehensive legislation which protects the consumers in various fields, one of which is the construction field, and applies upon the developers who sell the land to prospective buyers[4]. The discussion carried here analyzes the ACL regarding its applicability on the developers when the land is sold by them. The emphasis of this discussion is on misrepresentation and unfair contract terms so that the applicability of provisions of ACL in this regard can be evaluated and also to analyze the possible implications of breach of ACL through use of unfair contract terms and misrepresentation. Misrepresentation Misrepresentation takes place when an individual is induced to enter into a contract by making of a false statement. Under ACL, the misrepresentation can be applied through two prominent sections, i.e., through section 18, which relates to misleading or deceptive conduct[5], and section 29, which relates to misleading or false representation[6]. Section 18 of the ACL prohibits such conduct which can possible, or which in fact does, misleads or deceives the consumer into believing something which is not true. For developers, this is done when their conduct misleads or deceivers the prospective buyer in believing a particular thing to be true, so that they can enter in the selling agreement[7]. The conduct involved here is not only physical, but includes the one sent through letters, emails, advertisements, and negotiations. Misleading or deceptive conduct can relate to factually incorrect information, through which, a false impression is created; not disclosing material facts to the buyer, by concealing or leaving out the major information; not providing the client with updated information; knowingly not correcting up a misunderstanding; and even making false or inaccurate claims[8]. The provisions of this act are such that both the consumer and the developers are safeguarded and any unjust claim is not upheld. An example of this can be seen in the decision given by the court, which favored the investor when the unit off the plan was purchased by them owing to the ten year 7% rental guarantee offered by the international hotel chain through the brochure. However, this guarantee was held to be worthless as it was given by a 2 dollar company and so, the parent company was made liable and the decision was given in favor of the buyer[9]. Another prominent section which safeguards the buyers in the nation is found in section 29, through which, the developer is prohibited from misleading or false representation. So, a developer cannot make a wrong representation regarding the standard, warranty, quality or sponsorship of a land[10]. In this regard, an agency cannot make such an advertisement that it has made a sale of 2000 houses in a single year when their claims cannot be properly backed up. A misrepresentation can also be undertaken through testimonials. In case a developer on their social media page gets a review from a friend, which is not genuine, or pays someone to post a fake review online, would be misleading the consumer through wrong representation, which can induce the buyer into entering the contract. Another example of this can be seen in the advertisements which are given by the developers claiming to have the necessary accreditation, when in reality, such accreditations are pending. In such cases also, the provisions of ACL would be contravened[11]. Section 4 of the ACL also presents a duty on the developers to not make such representations regarding the future issues, for which they lack the proper grounds to make the representation[12]. Hence, the developers need to refrain from making future promises, predictions, and opinions, till the time they can reasonable back them. Awad v Twin Creeks Properties Pty Ltd[13] was a case where the developers were able to remove the burden of proving that there was a presence of reasonable grounds for representation for producing the evidence to show the reasonable grounds. This was due to the fact that they provided an experienced representatives oral examination which was deemed as sufficient. Though, it is still recommended to have documentary evidence regarding representations of future[14]. This case clearly highlights that ACL does not merely protect the buyers, but also safeguards the developers from unnecessary pressure. ACL puts an explicit restriction on making or imposing false representation in the matter of the land being sponsored or affiliated; the use, price, location or features of the land; the facilities being available on the land; and the nature of interest in land. One of the examples of this can be seen in a developer making a wrong claim that the land is not located in earthquake prone zone; when in reality, it has been placed in medium earthquake range zone. Such a lie would be deemed to be misrepresentation as the purpose here is to sell the land by making false representation to the buyer. One more example of this can be sited in the claim being made by the developer that the distance of the property from the main road was just 2 km; however, this distance was based on the crow flies distance and by taking the actually constructed road, and the property would be 4.5 km away. Such representations are deemed as misrepresentations and lead to the breach of section 29 of the ACL. It is crucial that the price of the land is not misrepresented as the ACC often receives a high number of complaints for the under-stating or over-stating of the prices of the property[15]. Unfair Contract Terms The standard form of consumer contracts is regulated under the ACL for unfair terms. A particular significance has been laid down under the ACL for the property developers where the contracts are majorly impacted. The off-the-plan sales can also be impacted in such cases where the developer discretion is provided. The unfair terms which are present in the standard form contract are void due to their unenforceability under ACL. The ACL related unfair terms provisions are applicable in cases of consumer contracts, standard form contracts and where an unfair term is covered in these. The consumer contracts include the sale or grant of the interest held in land by one person, to another, in part or in whole, for domestic, household or personal use. So, this definition goes beyond covering the sales, and also contains the privileges and the powers which the developer of a land has[16]. The contract drawn by the developer would be considered as unfair when it results in a substantial imbalance regarding the rights and obligations which the parties have; where there is an absence of protection of the developers legitimate interest in a significant manner; and where the same could prove to be disadvantageous for the purchaser owing to the reliance made by them on the developer[17]. In the contract of sale drawn by the developer, there are different clauses which are in favor of the developer and which provide them with the flexibility in matters of completion of a project. Though, for claiming a breach under the provisions of ACL, it is crucial to show that the imbalance was a major one. And in this regarding, the court takes into consideration the standard industry practices for completion times, warranties and even for the discretionary terms, for a major imbalance to be claimed[18]. In order to make a decision regarding the particular term being crucial for protection of the developers legitimate interest, there is often a need to provide the evidence by the developer for the market in which they operate, the economic factors which are imposed by the financiers and which require a level of flexibility by the developers, ad also providing the requisite evidence for the market in which the developers operate, along with the regulations imposed by the councils and the planning schemes. The developers are also required to ensure that the contracts contain the proper discretion which is required to deliver the end product to the consumer, instead of providing unwarranted autonomy, which is often considered as unfair under the provisions of ACL[19]. Apart from developer, there is a also a need to take into consideration such cases, where the purchaser can be put in a disadvantageous position, particularly in terms of transparency and the entirety of the contract. ACL clearly presents different issues which can be deemed as being unfair terms. Some of these include deliberately limiting or avoiding the contract performance; bringing changes in the terms of the contract; putting limits on the evidence which the purchaser can present or through which an evidentiary burden can be placed on the proceedings regarding the contract; bringing changes in the price paid upfront without giving the purchaser an opportunity to end the contract; bringing out changes in the interest of land or its characteristics through which the land can be granted or sold unilaterally; assigning the contract in a manner which proves to be disadvantageous for the purchaser, without their specific consent; determining if a contract has been breached or there i s a need to interpret the meaning of the contract unilaterally; where the vicarious liability of the developer, for their agent is limited; introducing limitations to the rights of the purchaser to initiate legal case against the developer; imposing penalties on the purchaser for terminating the contract; the actual contract termination; and the non-renewing or renewing of the contract[20]. The circumstances which were present at a particular point of time also need to be taken into account to consider if the particular term is unfair and has to be made unenforceable through the law. A particular term would not be considered as being unfair where the term defines the main matter of the contract and has been permitted expressly or has been required through the law of commonwealth, state or territory; in addition to this, contains and sets up the upfront price which is required to be paid under the drawn contract. In most of the sale contract cases, the effective provisions of severance are inserted by the developers. Through the insertion of such provisions, the entire contract is not voided when an unfair term is found and only such term is severed, so that the remaining contract can be continued. However, where the term is of such importance that it is a crucial element of the contract and the same cannot be served, in such cases, the entire contract becomes unenforcea ble[21]. Conclusion In the preceding parts, the analysis revealed that the ACL offers major protection to the buyers of property in Australia, particularly against the developers in the matter of misrepresentation and unfair contract terms. Further, the case highlighted under the misrepresentation clarified that the ACL is not biased towards the consumers only and also takes into consideration the interests of the developers. Further, it became clear that for misrepresentation cases, the protection under ACL is given through different sections which include false representation and misleading conduct. The discussion moved on to highlight the manner in which the unfair terms in a contract can make the contract voidable, in case the same cannot be severed. So, any term which unfairly puts the buyer in an unfair position can be severed and can also lead to the contract being made enforceable. In short, when a prospective buyer goes to purchase the land from a developer in the nation, their rights are adequ ately protected through the ACL and they cannot be deceived, mislead or falsely represented due to the applicability of different provisions of ACL. Bibliography Articles/ Books/ Reports Bailey J, Construction Law (CRC Press, 2014) Corones SG, The Australian Consumer Law (Lawbook Company, 2nd ed, 2012) Davie T, Earls T, and Coggins J, Understanding Construction Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2016) Stadler E, Consumer Law Unlocked (Siber Ink,2013) Thampapillai D, Tan V, and Bozzi C, Australian Commercial Law (Cambridge University Press, 2015) Cases Awad v Twin Creeks Properties Pty Ltd [2012] NSWCA 200 Legislations Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) Trade Practices Act, 1974 (Cth) Others Allens, Focus: Representations about Future Matters (11 July 2012) https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/realestate/fore11jul12.htm Department of Commerce WA, Australian Consumer Law (2013) https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/files/aclagentsmanual2013_0.pdf Legal Vision, A Guide to Misleading or Deceptive Conduct and False Misrepresentation (14 April 2016) https://legalvision.com.au/a-basic-guide-to-misleading-and-deceptive-conduct-and-false-misrepresentations-australian-consumer-law/ Lethlean J, Daniels J, Deakin M, and Payne T, Australia: How the New Australian Consumer Law Will Affect Property Developers (11 May 2010) https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/100132/How+The+New+Australian+Consumer+Law+Will+Affect+Property+Developers Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) Competition and Consumer Act 2010, sch 2 Trade Practices Act, 1974 (Cth) Stephen G. Corones, The Australian Consumer Law (Lawbook Company, 2nd ed, 2012) Australian Consumer Law, s18 Australian Consumer Law, s29 Legal Vision, A Guide to Misleading or Deceptive Conduct and False Misrepresentation (14 April 2016) https://legalvision.com.au/a-basic-guide-to-misleading-and-deceptive-conduct-and-false-misrepresentations-australian-consumer-law/ Dilan Thampapillai, Vivi Tan and Claudio Bozzi, Australian Commercial Law (Cambridge University Press, 2015) Department of Commerce WA, Australian Consumer Law (2013) https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/atoms/files/aclagentsmanual2013_0.pdf Elizabeth de Stadler, Consumer Law Unlocked (Siber Ink,2013)At 5 Australian Consumer Law, s4 [2012] NSWCA 200 Allens, Focus: Representations About Future Matters (11 July 2012) https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/realestate/fore11jul12.htm Justin Lethlean, Joanne Daniels, Murray Deakin and Travis Payne, Australia: How The New Australian Consumer Law Will Affect Property Developers (11 May 2010) https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/100132/How+The+New+Australian+Consumer+Law+Will+Affect+Property+Developers Julian Bailey, Construction Law (CRC Press, 2014) Tom Davie, Tony Earls and Jeremy Coggins, Understanding Construction Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2016) At 16 Ibid Ibid

Samsung and Apple mobile free essay sample

Introduction The aim of this comparative analysis is to use different value creation theories and strategies approaches to analyse Samsung mobile and Apple, as two most named brands in mobile phone industry. In detail, this article compares the value creation strategy of these two firms in the respect of value proposition and delivery system, value discipline strategy, in addition with value chain analysis, customer benefit and industry environmental analysis to give an understanding of current value creation strategies that both companies implemented in global market. Value Proposition Samsung, giant of electronic industry, has applied two major value propositions in the mobile phone market. One is technology innovation, mainly in mobile phone hardware development; the other one is to offer a large variety of mobile phone products to meet various customer demands. Apple is widely considered as one of the most innovative company in the world. The critical value proposition of Apple is to provide their customer great overall phone operating experience combined with fantastic customer services. We will write a custom essay sample on Samsung and Apple mobile or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact, Apple focuses on both hardware and software innovations. For iPhone users, iPhone is not just simply a phone; it is the tool to install and accesses most creative and innovative mobile phone systems and applications carrying by Apple‘s own multi-media information carrying and sharing platforms, which is called ITunes and App store. Comparison of value proposition Samsung clearly focus more on mobile phone hardware development, since most of its operating system is Android which is developed mainly by Google. While, Apple spend large amount of resources on their own mobile phone operating system development and its information sharing platforms. With more, Samsung has very clear product differentiation strategies comparing with Apple, which only lunched one type of mobile phone each year, before they recently announced the cheaper iPhone 5C. Value delivery system The value delivery system is a method of how companies implement and provide their value to customers. It has been divided into three parts, choose the value, provide the value and communicate the value. Samsung Choose the value The one of the values Samsung is trying to deliver to their customers is to first experience the most advanced mobile phone on the market. Also, Samsung is trying to create values by fulfilling different customer demands by launching different products to meet their requests, such as demand of appearances and functionalities. Provide the value To effectively deliver the values, Samsung has very efficient supply chain system. They have their own factories, skilled labors, and capital equipments located around the world. The most important components inside their mobile phone manufactured directly by Samsung. As a result, Samsung can quickly start their mass production of their new released and high demanding mobile phone. That is very important, because it helps Samsung to release its smart phone in more countries to fulfill their demand quickly. Also, commitment to RD is one of the main driving forces under Samsung‘s value delivery system. Each year they invest at least 9% of their sales revenue into RD activities. Samsung have many RD centres around the world. They spend vast amount of money on developing the most advanced Chips, screen display and flash memory. They also hire local talents to investigate the local technology trends to be able to match their product with different local requests. In fact, investing in RD has lower risk and cost on average comparing to other companies, because Samsung manufactures TV, laptops and other high technology devices as well. The technologies related to these products can also be used into Mobile Phones with slightly modifications. Communicate the value Samsung Electronics‘ sales outlets serve as an informed product manager that offer best possible product solutions for customers. For greater customer satisfaction, Samsung has also implemented an innovative customer management platform that provides services like membership card, bonus point accumulation, and three-year warranty on major products. Meanwhile, Samsung also upgraded Samsung Electronics website to improve ease of use. Apple Choose the value The value that Apple is trying to deliver to their iPhone user is stylish outlook with simpleness and effortless operations. iPhone offers an innovative experience by intimately understanding and anticipating what people wanted to do with their smart phones. Since Apple releases only one type of iPhone each year for the last several years, Apple is targeting the customers who have specific characteristics. 1) Middle/Upper income people who are willing to pay a bit more for a better user experience 2) People who like to have fun with technology. No other platform offers as many entry level tools. And people who like to shoot a lot of digital photos or video. 3) Music enthusiasts and fans ages 12-35. 4) Professionals in media and design. Provide the value Since Apple products have to be intuitive and easy to understand and learn. The task of keeping things simple is important, but sometimes difficult, because technology has become more intricate and users want more features, And Apple creates tools for power users and rookies, which can mean a broad range of ease-of-use issues. To able to fully deliver this value to customer, innovation has been applied extensively across the entire organization by various approaches. a) Innovative System Apple‘s commitment to innovation is cultural, not process driven. The most successful products at Apple were started with only a few people with no formal structure or hierarchy and little corporate oversight. Yet, ? to turn really interesting ideas and fledgling technologies into a company that can continue to innovate for years, it requires a lot of disciplines,? says Steve Jobs. Apple has built an effective innovation system to boost creativity in its people, stimulate new ideas, streamline the design process, and launch successful, profitable new innovations. b) Innovative business models Apple created many stylish innovative products that propelled the company to the top of its industry. But the shift was not only a matter of product innovation. Innovation lies also in Apple‘s innovative business models – new ways to create, deliver, and capture value. For instance, the iPhone would not have had nearly as much impact if they hadnt been matched with iTunes and the App Store respectively. Systemic innovation integration is the heart of Apple‘s successes. Another example, the App Store offers millions mobile phone applications for Apple customers to improve their iPhones. ITunes, which is innovative software designed mainly for music uses, shows that people would pay for music if the price is right and the interface is simple enough. Apple pioneered into a new business space and defined a workable business model for downloading music. c) Innovative Partnerships Apple leverages its diverse culture, innovation processes, partners and networks to seize the new opportunities in the marketplace and grow its business exponentially. Innovative partnerships are an important part of the Apple‘s innovation strategy. Communicate the value Apple is offering great customer service and in store experiences. Apple has most exciting display stores across the global. They provide very friendly staffs to assess customers with any problems. They help customer to understand how powerful and simple iPhone is, which attracts huge amount of customers inside their stores everyday. Comparison When we compare the value delivery system of Samsung and Apple‘s mobile phone sectors, they both invest large amount of resources on technology innovations and developments to offer their customer more exciting and fascinating operating experiences. However, Samsung mainly focus on their hardware performance developments and their mass production infrastructures. As a result, Samsung is able to manufacture different mobile phone models according to market demands, while Apple , its energy has been used on both hardware and software innovations at the same time. The operating system developed by Apple is users friendly and innovative. Also, Apple pays more attention towards customer services, since they have their own Apple stores and service stations around the world, which gives their customer great accessibility to product service and instructions. Identify and analysis Value Discipline of both Samsung and Apple In Samsung‘s value discipline, it has taken different strategies for different products. For those highend mobile like GALAXY Note and GALAXY S4, Samsung adopts Product Leadership as the main strategy. The objective is to provide a non-substitutable, rare, and value creating product to their consumers. To achieve this, Samsung keeps itself as innovative as possible and commercialized ideas quickly. Specifically, application of the new functions such as Air View and Popup Note is the embodiment of constantly renewing and innovative. The second Value Discipline that Samsung adopted is Customer Intimacy. Samsung is a master at giving consumers choices. They have various types of mobile phones, which suit customer‘s different requirements at different price ranges and on various operating systems. For example, in the US alone, Samsung offers 153 different cell phones. In Apple, both Product Leadership and Customer Intimacy also have been applied for its value discipline. Apple appears to their customers as innovative, cutting edge and market-leading. Great product companies do not follow the market, they lead it. Apple is usually so far out in front that customers do not realize they needed it until they see it. From customer intimacy perspective, Apple is also doing a good job. All of Apples products have the same basic operating architecture. Because of this consistency, customers who already own Apple products have a good idea of what they will be getting before they make a purchase. They know that it will be easy to adapt. In terms of customer services, Apple stores offer Apple a chance for personal connection. Customers can get their products fixed, learn about the technology or gain customizations that are tailored for what they want to get done with the products. The Apple store offers a retail angle on intimacy, and meanwhile, the stores allow Apple to learn a great deal about how customers are using its products. In all, Comparison When comparing these two companies‘ value discipline, they both adopt product leadership and customer intimacy. For product leadership, they both want their top product to lead the market and provide their customer with the function they desired. However, they pursuit the different paths when they approach customer intimacy. Samsung provides more choices for their customer, give them the ability to choose the one suit them the most. Apple has a unique strategy here for getting close to customers, providing value by focusing much more on customer service and product experiences. Value Chain Analysis Value Chain Analysis helps identify Samsung and Apple‘s core competencies and distinguish the activities that drive competitive advantages. Samsung 1. Inbound Logistics: Knowing that Samsung has its own operations and activities in the manufacturing processes of their smart phones, most activities involved in inbound logistics are heavily refined and highly efficient. 2. Operations: Great economies of scales and scope. Because Samsung has invested on its own manufacturing infrastructures to produce mobile phone components for itself and other companies as well, such as Apple. Also the compatibility of these components is very high, which can be installed in different types of mobile phone accordingly. In addition, Samsung‘s own Research Development helps it to continuously come up with attractive products. 3. Outbound Logistics: Current outbound logistics are very solid on Samsung‘s end. Because it has most of its operations localized within Samsung Town in Seoul, all activities related to the gathering, storing or distribution of their finished mobile phones (and all other products) are done effectively, with little delay and with a streamlined logistics methodology. Customers are likely to pay more when Samsung has a quick responds time. 4. Marketing and Sales: Samsung has invested a great amount of money in advertising. At Samsung, all of advertising activities are designed to provide the public with accurate information on who they are and what they make through fair and high-quality advertisements, thus building their brand image and helping customers with their buying decisions 5. Service: Most of the customer complaints can be applied through the website; a) Contact support through live chat, emails, and twitter b) Registering product warranty online through website c) Providing online service request, and online service tracking 6. Firm infrastructure a) Perfectly executed financial support b) Good Corporate Governance c) Having well-established infrastructure to support new investment 7. Human Resources Management a) Focus on high skill employees in Engineering, IT and management areas b) Improving training either for local employees or global employees Having talented and well trained employees helps Samsung delivery higher value to customers. 8. Technology development of Samsung a) Having RD centers around the world b) Invest at least 9% of their sales revenue into RD activities. High cost, but also high value (benefits) to the customer. 9. Procurement a) Creating opportunity for Local Procurement and Global Procurement b) Opportunity for global procurement will give competitive advantage for Samsung to secure good suppliers c) Establishing well managed functions to maintain relationships with suppliers and partners Value Chain of Apple 1. Inbound Logistics a) Automated receiving systems Apple has implemented sophisticated automated receiving systems to speed up the receiving process and reduce facility footprint and storage space requirements. b) Delegate raw materials acquisition Apple works with its OEM partners to delegate the raw materials acquisition process but provides some supervision for quality control purposes. 2. Operations a) Utilize OEM‘s economies of scale Apple outsources production to third-party OEM partners to utilize their economies of scale while removing the burden of production management from the firm. b) Internal design The design of current and future products is done internally at Apple, utilizing talented and innovative design teams and engineering knowhow. 3. Outbound Logistics a) Economical packaging In order to save money on shipment and attract customers Apple uses eye-catching packaging that takes up less physical space and weighs less. This reduces shipping costs and environmental effect while attracting customers to the iPhone. (Apple Inc. (2013)) b) Apple Stores/Authorized retailers To control the firm‘s brand image Apple sells through first-party retail establishments and through authorized retailers. Apple Stores act as advertisements for the brand and provide a platform of contact between the firm and its customers. 4. Marketing and Sales Apple uses a series of television advertisements comparing the firm‘s products to competitors using a variety of direct and indirect methods to build a lifestyle brand image. The ads are humorous and do not emphasize cost or feature-by-feature comparisons, but focusing on developing the firm‘s image. 5. Service a) Apple Genius Apple stores house the ? Apple Genius Bar‘ where customers can talk with an Apple specialist known as a ? genius‘ about problems with their device. This human interaction with a first party service provider builds a superior relationship with customers and offers a stark contrast to endless phone service calls. (Apple Inc. (2013)) b) Free consultation Customers can bring in their device for a free consultation regarding issues problems with no commitment, whether it is in or out of warranty. The customer then has the option to pursue different avenues of resolving the issue without an upfront charge. 6. Firm Infrastructure a) Horizontally integrated structure. b) Strong cash position – Apple maintains a large cash reserves and carries a comparatively small amount of long-term debt. This enables Apple to finance expansion, capital purchases, and development internally relatively easy compared to its competitors. 7. Human Resources Management a) Selective hiring process Apple follows selective hiring practices to recruit and hire talented individuals. b) Generous employee benefits program Apple offers a variety of attractive employee benefits to complement direct wages. (Apple Inc. (2013)) 8. Technological Development a) Heavily investing on the research and development for the innovation b) Patent filing Apple believes in the importance of protecting its intellectual capital by filing patents in the United States and worldwide for its inventions and innovations. (Apple Inc. (2013)) 9. Procurement a) Positive relationships with suppliers Apple works closely with its key suppliers to benefit all partners involved. Apple has also developed its own Supplier Code of Conduct to govern the actions of its suppliers. These beneficial steps foster positive relationships with suppliers. (Apple Inc. (2013)) In summary, by providing these value creating activities, both Samsung and Apple have a differentiation business level strategy, which is an integrated set of actions designed by a firm to produce or deliver goods or services that customers perceive as being different in ways that are important to them. How these value being delivered the final customers Benefit Customer Customer value can be defined as the benefits that customer can get from the trade-offs via the costs that customer has to pay for acquiring this product/service (Onaran, At? l Bulut, Ozmen, 2013). Samsung: According to Samsung‘s value discipline which builds customer loyalty based on product innovation and differentiation. Samsung benefits their customers by following approaches: 1. Customer orientated. Samsung Offers the market leading products and large variety of mobile phones with different functionalities at different price range. Taking the most marketable product as a example, Galaxy series for instance, the main characteristic of the Galaxy is to deliver a significantly superior hardware combining with powerful Google Android system. In hardware respect, the latest developed new generation Galaxy utilizes the expansive 5. 5? HD Super AMOLED Display with 1920? 1080 screen resolutions (Samsung Galaxy, 2013), which most likely to attract customers who demand high entertainment performance. 2. The speed of lunching new mobile phone. Each serious of the mobile is designed to provide customers new experiences. Samsung launched the first Galaxy Note at the end of 2011; however in September of 2013 Galaxy Note 3 came out. The upgrading speed of models satisfies the customers who like to experience newest technologies. On the other hand, the new release phone will decrease the price of previous vision, which makes the old phone more affordable to some customers who cannot afford it before. 3. Performance Improvement. The actions Samsung took in more recent years are not only about innovation, but improved durability. For example, Samsung‘s newest flagship Galaxy S4 Smartphone shows us just how durable Galaxy S4 really is in a new stress test released by Samsung. They test the mobile phone‘s durability by dunking the phone in water, a number of drop tests, tumble tests, dropping a metal weight on the glass face of the phone and even baking it in an oven. In general, Samsung benefits their customers by its excellent performance and up to date innovative features. Apple: Apple strongly focused on both of delivering a superior product with advanced soft and providing high quality customer service. Especially, the software, the greater functional App Store makes IOS system rapidly developed into a full competitor with the Android system. In addition, customer service that Apple offers is even better. The superior customer service can be come down to several ways: 1. Distribution and retailing. iPhone has its own retailing and online store along with other Apple‘s products around the world, almost in every main cities. Having this approach, consumers can easily access the product without spend much time looking for it. 2. Training and consulting. Employees in retail store are well trained on customer-centricity to make sure that what they have is not only accurate information, but also problem solving skills, good judgment and positive attitude. After training, most staff is empowered, particularly customer facing staff for proactive relationship building. More importantly, well trained staffs can emphasize some key features of product based on consumers special needs. 3. After sales customer service. iPhone customer can easily access to Apple‘s online support system on Apple‘s website. They can also go to local App stores to ask staff to help. Most of the problems can be solved very quickly by replacement and fast in store repayment. Comparison In comparison, in terms of retailing, iPhone has its own retailing store with well trained staff in main cities around the world, unlike Samsung and other mainstream brands, It facilities interaction between customers and the products, at the same time, provide greater after sales service, since customers know what to expect and where to go. Unlike Apple which approaches their customer by providing high quality customer service, Samsung emprises more on product itself. Such as, large product ranges and high speed of upgrading models. They have attracted massive amount of customers who love differentiation and to experiences new features and looks. Industry environmental analysis Porter five forces analysis has been applied into these two companies. In terms of industry environment, Samsung and Apple are quite similar. The threat of potential new entrants (Low) High capital is required to enter into the mobile industry. It is difficult to start up in an industry where the existing firms already operate on cost and differentiation strategies (Chan et al, 2006). Also, new entrants would have to invest in their own RD to create a unique product if new entrants have issues with overcoming patent issues . The costs of having these make a very strong barrier to entry. The threat of substitutes (High) Almost any phone that performs the same functions as a Samsung and Apple phone could be considered a substitute. This includes other devices running the Android operating system and not made by Samsung. All of these are in high abundance with similar cost and highly competitive. The bargaining power of buyers (High) Buyers have great ability to access market information and understanding of how competitive the mobile phone industry is. Buyers have great bargaining power with so many similar products from other brands. In terms of switching costs, it can be quite high in some cases. Usually a phone comes to a buyer with a 2 or 3 year contract with a service provider. Terminating the contract before the contract ends; extremely large fees can be incurred by the customer. However, if there is relative low switch cost for buyers, they will switch to those who have better features or price points. The bargaining power of suppliers (Low) In Samsung‘s case, the bargaining power of suppliers is low because Samsung is its own supplier of most components. Samsung also happens to be its own supplier for raw materials. In terms of bargaining power of supplier, Apple does not really manufacturing their components itself like what Samsung does. However, Apple has more than 150 suppliers globally. Apple is buying from their supplier in such large quantities, which can exercise significant leverage over suppliers. This leverage enables Apple to negotiate favourable terms and prices. They also invest billions dollars into their suppliers. Therefore, the bargain power of supplier for Apple is also quite low. The intensity of competitive rivalry (High) The smart phone industry has many competitors ,thus rivalry is high. Samsung and Apple are both main competitor of themselves. The market for smart phones has slowed in growth since its boom, so pressure to take customers from competitors is also high. Also, sustainable competitive advantage through innovation is an unknown. While Samsung and Apple have been doing great keeping up with the industry and both leading in some areas, everything is short-lived due to the extreme level of competition. Emerging problems As we can see from the graphs below, Samsung has captured a large proportion of the smart phone market; it has the No. 1 smart-phone shipments. Apple has lost some of its market share in 2013. Even though, during last few years, Apple is making profits in smart phones than Samsung ( Jay Yarow (2013)), this year Samsung‘s estimated $5. 2 billion in profits from phone sales compares favourably with Apple‘s estimated iPhone profits of $4. 2 billion in second quarter of 2013. More worrying for Apple than losing its profit crown is its relative weakness overseas. Sales in Chinese market were actually down $3. 6 billion quarter-to-quarter, with Europe and the rest of Asia also weaker. Without introducing less-expensive alternative versions of its iPhone, it is likely Apple‘s international market share will continue to erode as less-expensive Android phones continue to improve in functionality. For Samsung, even though Samsung has already passed Apple becoming the most profitable brand in mobile phone industry, the balance between marketing budget and total profits needs to be considered. Samsung‘s brand is going strong in Asia-Pacific, according to a Campaign Asia/Neilsen survey. But despite the Korean firm‘s home-field advantage and massive marketing advantage, Apple has closed the gap, and spent much less in the process. The cost of dominating the branding tables, however, varied drastically. Samsung spent $1. 3 billion on Asia-Pacific marketing in 2012, much of it on promoting its flagship Galaxy S4 handset and more than double Apple‘s budget. But Apple has steadily climbed the ranks since 2004 with its iconic iPhone—surging from the region‘s 127th best brand in 2004 to second place this year. (Jake Maxwell Watts 2013) Source: Apple vs Samsung by Asia-Pacific brand ranking. Campaign Asia / Nielsen Since Samsung‘s massive marketing expense has also eroded its profit margins, the cost of being the ? best? brand in Asia may no longer be worth the diminishing returns. Reference Chan, Joshua, Zhisui Chen, Irene Cormane, Nou Her, and Renie Thomas (12 May 2006) Cell Phone Industry Analysis. Retrieved 3 October 2013 from Jay Yarow (6 August 2013), Chart of The Day: Samsung Is Stealing Smartphone Profit Share From Apple Retrieved 3 October 2013 from Strategy Analytics (2013), Global Smartphone Shipments Hit Record 230 Million Units in Q2 2013 Retrieved 3 October 2013 from Apple Inc. (2013) Apple Retail Store: Genius Bar. Apple Inc. Retrieved 3 October 2013 from . Apple Inc. (2013) Apple Supplier Code of Conduct Retrieved 3 October 2013 from . Apple Inc. (2013) Jobs at Apple: Benefits. Apple Inc. Retrieved 3 October 2013 from . Apple Inc. (2013) Apple and the Environment. Apple Inc. Retrieved 3 October 2013 from . Jake Maxwell Watts(2013). Samsung‘s brand is top in Asia, but Apple has closed the gap by spending less Retrieved 3 October 2013 from

Vaccination and Baccalaureate

Vaccination and Baccalaureate Vaccination and Baccalaureate Vaccination and Baccalaureate By Maeve Maddox I wanted to call this post Cows and College Graduates, but blog titles must be plain and to the point. Warning: This is something of a shaggy dog story, so if youre the impatient type, you may want to skip this post. Vaccination The Latin word for cow is vacca. When Edward Jenner was looking for a way to prevent smallpox (variola), he worked with the less deadly disease cowpox (variolae vaccinae). Variola is from Latin varius, spotted, or varus, pimple. Vaccinae is from Latin vaccinus, from cows. Jenner coined the word vaccination for his technique of scratching cowpox virus into the skin. Survivors of cowpox were immune to smallpox. Baccalaureate The word baccalaureate comes from Medieval Latin baccalaureus, student with a first degree. Baccalaureate is related to the English word bachelor. Indeed, we refer to a B.A. (Artium Baccalaureus) as a bachelors degree. At the end of the 13th century, a bachelor was a young man in training for knighthood. Although one conjecture is that bachelor derives from Latin baculum, stick, because squires practiced with staves instead of swords, the more likely source is Medieval baccalarius, vassal farmer. Baccalarius derived from baccalia, a herd of cows. Bacca was a Low Latin variant of vacca, cow. A baccalaria was originally a grazing farm and a baccalarius a cowherd or cowboy. In the 14th century the meaning of bachelor evolved from knight in training to junior member of a guild or university. In time, because young men still pursuing their educations couldnt affordin terms of time or moneyto marry, bachelor took on the meaning of unmarried man. The -larius of baccalarius became the -laureus of baccalaureus by way of folk etymology. Before schools adopted the practice of awarding cheesy plastic trophies, academic achievement was honored by the bestowal of a crown of laurel leaves. Laurel berries in Latin is bacca lauri. Ergo, rustic baccalarius became classy baccalaureus and the cow connection was no more. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Among vs. AmongstCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Toxic Chemicals from Peeing in the Pool

Toxic Chemicals from Peeing in the Pool Lets face it. Its not just babies who pee in the pool! Is that guy on the other side of the pool trying to look cool or is he concentrating on a little public urination? You dont know, because there isnt a chemical you can put in the pool as a urine indicator that wouldnt be toxic or respond to a whole host of other fluids. The Water Quality and Health Council conducted a survey that revealed one in five Americans admit to urinating in the pool. So, unless that pool was filled an hour ago, youre swimming in pee. But, urine doesnt just sit there in the water or harmlessly disperse. It reacts with chemical treatments in the water. For the same reason you dont want to rinse out a really nasty kitty litter box with bleach, you might not want to inhale too deeply in a pool full of people. The chemical reactions form two particularly nasty compounds: cyanogen chloride (CNCl) and trichloramine (NCl3). In high concentrations, these are chemical warfare agents. In the minute quantities produced in a pool, you wont die, but youre not doing your lungs any favors, not to mention your nervous and circulatory systems. Chlorine treatments, in particular, react with uric acid from urine to form toxic chemicals. The pool treatments themselves often aggravate respiratory and other health problems, since chlorine is (you guessed it) a toxic chemical agent. Its really not something to worry about, as researchers have found levels of the chemicals are lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for public drinking water. However, if it bothers you, you have a few options. Swim in an outdoor pool rather than an indoor one, so vapors become diluted in the air rather than trapped in an enclosed space. Switch to a different pool disinfection method. Or, you can build your very own private pool and resist the urge to pee in it. Reference:  Volatile Disinfection Byproducts Resulting from Chlorination of Uric Acid: Implications for Swimming Pools,  Lushi Lian, Yue E, Jing Li, and Ernest R. Blatchley , III,  Environ. Sci. Technol.,  2014,  48  (6), pp 3210–3217.

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Business Environment - Essay Example (Tesco, 2011). 1. Mission, Objectives and Responsibilities of an Organization (a) The Core Mission of Tesco deals with creation of value for its customers through the rendering of quality products and services. Through the rendering of quality products and services the company aims at enhancing the loyalty parameter of the customers. Further the company also sets a mission of caring for its people in both the external and internal sphere. The internal groups of people consist of the employees of the company who by dint of their hard work makes the company succeed in a competitive business environment. External group of people are the customers and other stakeholders like suppliers and government who render due support in making the company succeed in its operations. The company believes that helping the customers in getting the right products caters to the event of repeat purchases by them. Similarly the company also works to motivate its internal people to work in a devoted manner t o fulfill customer delights. Moreover the customers and the staff are regularly contacted by the management team of Tesco to get fruitful suggestions in developing its service and product qualities. (Tesco, n.d.). The above mission of Tesco helps the company in fulfilling its stated objectives which can be underlined as follows. Tesco fulfills the needs of the customers by rendering quality products at reasonable market prices. The customers of Tesco are regularly contacted by the company for getting suggestions which would help in both product and service enhancement. Tesco also satisfies the needs of its stake holders like investors and shareholders by producing high returns on the investments made. The company also helps in quality enhancement of its employees through effective training and management policies. Tesco also maintains a strong supplier environment which aims to deliver to the company quality products at effective price ranges. Finally in total Tesco works tightly in fulfilling the responsibilities of the company to the society in a complete manner by satisfying all legal and environmental obligations. (Corporate Objectives, n.d.). (b) The giant departmental store Tesco has large group of stakeholders starting from customers, supplier groups, investors and shareholders, the different levels of staffs and the union groups to which these people belong to, the community of people who sponsor the company and whom the company sponsors and finally those who render influences on the government of the region and on the business as a whole. Tesco in a bid to cater to the customer groups have helped in creating stores which would remain open for full 24 hours every day. These stores help in catering for the buying community who fail to avail time to conduct shopping during the day owing to their busy schedules. The company also encourages the customers to conduct transactions online through their membership card which helps enhancing customer loyalty. Wh ile maintaining a relation with the supplier groups Tesco acts in a strict manner through administering, monitoring and evaluating their demands. If in turn a supplier group of the company demands an increase upon the agreed amounts and thereby tries to disturb the operations, Tesco does not wait from altering

Keystone kl pipeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Keystone kl pipeline - Essay Example s and floods have effects on American labor and jobs, if we throw the spigot open to Canada’s tar sands, it will be considered the world’s dirtiest oil (Smith 01). Building this pipeline and opening Tar Sands will impact local and national economies negatively. When the recoverable tar sands oil burns, it will increase temperature on the earth approximately by a minimum of 2 degrees Celsius which the NYU environmental law center estimates could cut permanently the US GDP by 2.5 % (Smith 02). As it’s seen, this will affect the US counties causing an estimated expensive damage. At the same time, local and state economies are buckling already under effects of our dependence on fossil fuel as a nation (Smith 02) Despite generating much profits of approximately $546 billion between 2005 and 2010, oil companies such as shell, chevron and ExxonMobil reduced their workforce by 4,400 employees. The same year, $220 million paid the executives themselves (Smith 02). From that, we can say it’s time invest the billions going to oil companies in creating employment and protecting the planet at the same time. Approving the Keystone pipeline will lock the nation into a trajectory of job loss that are guaranteed and hence threatens the economy and political state of the US. Why should the job-killing path be taken when the energy path that’s alternative like the solar industry is already out-performing some other sectors of the economy (Smith 02). Accidental contact with transmitting pipeline will create a dangerous situation that may be extreme to result in serious consequences to the contractors, general public and the customers. Some of these consequences may include fire explosion, injury or property damage, disruption of services that are essential, responsibility for cost of repair and personal liability all damages (Smith 03). According to the chief economics of Moody’s analytics, a havoc caused by the Super storm sandy on the job market was estimated to

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Developing Yourself as an Effective Human Resources Essay The Human Resources Profession Map was created by the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD) together with Human Resources (HR) practitioners. The aim was to highlight and explain what HR personnel need to know, do and how to deliver the highest standards of knowledge, skills and behaviour required for growth and success within an organisation. The HR Map is a very important tool to help personnel identify areas that need to be developed within their career. The HR Professional Map is created for any type of organisation (small or large) and is based around areas of professional competencies to help those just starting their careers as well as seasoned professionals. The Map is structured around ten professional areas, eight behaviours and four bands of professional competence. It holds two professional core areas, which are insights, strategy and solutions and leading HR. These areas are essential for any worker who needs to develop skills to the best possible level. Firstly, s/he needs to understand the companys values and have a thorough knowledge of what the company does. The basics need to be covered before the employee can proceed within the other training and development parts of the profession map. After learning about insights, strategies and solutions, the HR practitioners should be aware of any arising problems that could effect their work place. The knowledge that comes from the gained behavioural skills should be good enough for HR practitioners to be able to come up with solutions and adapt it to new situations, helping an employee gain confidence and become a better leader. Another eight professional areas that professionals need to know are; service delivery and information; organisation design; organisation development;  resourcing and talent planning; learning and talent development; performance and reward; employee engagement and employee relations. The eight behaviours show what kind of attributes HR practitioners should implement, which are; being curious; a decisive thinker; skilled influencer; personally credible; collaborative; driven to deliver; having the courage to challenge and being a role model. All of those areas and behaviours are covered by four bands of competence. Band one would be for beginners who start their career and have a basic understanding of the HR role and band four would be for senior professionals who have the most experience within a company. The key area for me to focus on within my company would be employee engagement at band one of professional competency. For the last six years I have been working at the cinema where I have learnt everything about the companys values and goals, through starting as a staff-member to becoming a duty-manager. Employee engagement is a very important level of commitment to any company; an engaged employee should always have pride in what s/he does and work hard to achieve success. In order to have motivated and positive staff who deliver outstanding results, I need to know how to communicate, listen, train/coach my team members, setting aspirational targets through meetings, appraisals and one-to-one sessions. I am sent for various training sessions which provides me with the ability to provide the best support and training for my personnel. After observing and listening to my staff I have noticed that people learn in various ways and I need to adopt different methods in training sessions to get the best out of them and to make them feel valued and motivated. ACTIVITY 2 Understanding Customer Needs. It happens very often in my professional role that certain customers come to me asking for some data, advice or requiring assistance. Not so long ago I had three customers simultaneously come to me with individual problems. They were: Staff Member Emma, who wanted to find out how many hours of holiday she earned so far and when would be the best time to book her holidays. Operational Assistant Ben, who wanted me to add the new starters which would  be starting from the beginning of next week to the system and send a new starter form to the Head Office HR Manager. General Manager Paul, who asked me to check our monthly payroll which just got sent through and needed to be replied to by the end of the working day. It is essential that I always try to prioritise my tasks according to the customer needs and the impact it would have on the company. At the beginning I told Emma that I was unable to focus on her query at that specific moment, but would make sure that tomorrow I would have more time to talk through her holiday requests. My priority was checking the monthly payroll. The task was set by my General Manager and I had only till the end of the day to check it. I need to have enough time to thoroughly check the payroll as if there are any mistakes I need to create a report with all the faults found and send it to the HR manager to investigate. Adding new staff to the system was my second priority. The staffs data did not go live until the week after and therefore was lacking any real pressure in terms of time, and the system we use is simple and straight-forward. Nevertheless, it took priority over Emma in case there were mistakes that would later delay this important and timely process. As stated, Emma was my last priority because her query was not as pressing as the previous two. However, I still made her feel important and valued by informing her that I would have everything ready for the meeting the next day. Effective Communication Effective communication is important in every work place. It is essential for employees to build the appropriate level of trust and understanding, to help create strong working relationships and therefore solve any arising problems with more ease. The three most common ways to communicate in my company are: Face to face. The most efficient and common within my role, it is used when I want to delegate jobs to staff members, within team meetings etc. This type of communication cannot be ignored and is particularly successful in motivating staff to do their jobs effectively. Although sometimes face-to-face can be difficult and cause problems; when dealing with a difficult situation it is sometimes hard to stay calm or always see eye-to-eye. Emotions can become visible which may cloud communication and further exasperate an event. E-mails. These are used on a regular basis. Most contact with external customers is through e-mail and so we need to make sure they are always answered swiftly. They are easy, effectively free and a very fast form of communication. For my internal customers I use an e-mail service for sending out rotas and other staff requests, therefore it is important to check it daily. Unfortunately, sometimes e-mails may be misread and people could feel offended by its content due to miscommunication. Also, some messages may be misplaced and sent to a customers spam folder and therefore treated as unsent and ignored, causing negative experiences. Feedback Forms. A very popular method that is used for one-to-one meetings, probation reviews and appraisals. These forms provide to customers a clear and concise outline of their positive/negative behaviour, and acknowledge, with their line manager, what kind of changes need to be made, creating a clear plan that could help with their development. Feedback can also help staff feel appreciated and increase their self-esteem. A disadvantage of feedback forms may be the subjective nature of feedback (as anyone within the management team can choose to provide a form without first going through any procedures or checks) leaving open the possibility of personal opinions clashing with a customers work ethic. Effective Service Delivery To be able to meet all customer needs the company should have an effective service delivery. Good working relationships and team work should be key to creating a good service delivery for our customers. Everyday I have to deliver satisfactory service on time. Whether it is with our external customers by replying to their e-mails or phone calls on a daily basis or for my internal customers when writing rotas and meeting deadlines set by Management or Head Office. It is essential for a HR practitioner to be able to deliver a service within a timely manner because that will help build trust with customers. Delivering a service on budget is essential in my work place as I have to deal with it on a daily basis. I am mostly responsible for payroll and, within my company, payroll is the biggest controlling cost. Every week we have to schedule staff according to expected business levels. On top of this, everyday we have to control our forecast and act accordingly to set hours, which may incl ude sending staff home when it is quiet or  calling more people in when it is busy. Dealing with difficult customers and handling complaints is not easy, especially external ones. Whenever I have to deal with one I am always focused, listen to the persons complaint, apologise for the problem and try to explain why certain situation have happened. Im always trying to put myself in their position and empathise with them. Sometimes just explaining things may resolve the problem because a customer may not understand something, be confused or simply be agitated and in need of assistance. I asses the situation and decide how best to resolve it (whether with a mere apology or free guest passes etc). If the customer is still not happy with the outcome and would like the complaint to go further, I pass the situation onto head office to be dealt with more formally. When handling and resolving complains it is important to stay calm, communicate and be aware how serious the complaint is. Sometimes is okay to to resolve it in an informal one-to-one meeting but if its something serious like Gross Misconduct, then the complaint must be dealt with formally which could result in dismissal. Looking at the Associate Membership criteria I would need to develop practical and technical HR knowledge and collating, analysing and interpreting data. These two areas stand out the most from the associated membership criteria because I know I could develop these skills better throughout my personal development plan and become a more skilled HR practitioner. Learning more about practical and technical HR knowledge will expand my awareness and make me a more rounded, proficient professional. And learning how to properly collate, analyse and interpret data is something I have yet to really learn and so will give me a crucial grounding for further development. In order to be able to grow within developing practical and technical HR knowledge I would have to gain a lot of experience by shadowing my HR manager and fellow colleagues. In my organisation it is very important to know as much as possible about the human resources department because we do not have many people on site with HR skills. After learning about HR development I could focus on one or two key areas, such as disciplinary procedures or maternity leave, which would add key areas of knowledge to my  current HR capabilities. I believe that developing yourself practically and technically is essential for an individual who wants to become a good HR practitioner within his/her company as this is a core grounding to any career in HR. Collating, analysing and interpreting data is connected to developing practical and technical knowledge within my HR area. By getting support from my line managers I can be trained in creating weekly analyses of all payroll reports such as sickness submissions, lateness tracker and breaks. That skill would teach me how to work on our workforce payroll and I would get to know the rules and disciplinary procedures. With that in mind, I would be able to implement visible data and make staff responsible for their absences. Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is a â€Å"combination of approaches, ideas and techniques that will help you manage your own learning and growth†, focusing â€Å"firmly on results – the benefits that professional development can bring you in the real world† (CIPD website). It can be defined as a life-long learning project that describes the actions of an individual professional who is continuously planning, managing, reviewing and developing his/her skills within their professional or private life. The main aspect of CPD is the Personal Development Plan (PDP) which is structured to help and support individuals to be able to plan and organise their objectives or values in their personal or career development. It identifies what skills and knowledge you need to develop to progress further. I believe that CPD is important to me and my organisation because it gives me and my employer a chance to grow and progress within my career. It sets clear objectives and provides an opportunity to widen any knowledge and skills which are important to succeed within the organisation. By planning my PDP I am able to understand my strengths and weaknesses and learn how to improve them day by day. It keeps me interested therefore I feel motivated and positive. The company can also benefit from having the structure of CPD in place as it helps the company move forward by having motivated and happy personnel, as well as better working relationships due to managers spending more time with staff through one-to-one meetings and appraisals. The two options that I chose from my personal development plan are having practical and technical HR knowledge and completion of my CIPD course. Personally, advantages of having practical and technical HR knowledge would be the ability to implement my new skills on site and be able to use more of my own initiative on day to day basis. By shadowing my HR manager and having support from my head office team I would be able to learn about all procedures very quickly. In having those skills I would know how to run the HR department and by doing so I would be very well prepared for HR audits. The only disadvantage for this area would be time organisation, in making sure I can travel to London (and therefore needing cover) and that my HR manager has time to coach me, although this would only be for a set amount of time. The reason why I chose to study an online CIPD course is because I wanted to get my qualification while I was still working a full-time job. It provides great flexibility and no daily travel saves a lot of time and money. I find studying online is less stressful than face-to-face college as it allows me to work within my on surroundings and at a pace I am comfortable with. All lessons are available via a website and the tutors are always quick in responding to e-mails. A disadvantage to studying online is the lack of visible pressure from tutors to push me to work between my regular weekly shifts at work, although this at least helps improve my self-motivational skills.

Poverty in Edith Whartons Ethan Frome Essay -- Ethan Frome Essays

Poverty in Edith Wharton's Ethan Frome Poverty is defined as deficiency, or inadequacy. It can be used to represent more than just the lack of money. Poverty is constant throughout the novel, Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton. Poverty is evident in almost every area of Ethan's life. First of all, obviously, Ethan lacked money. His farm squeezed out just enough money to keep him and his household going. On page 133, Ethan is thinking of selling his property, but then he remembers its condition... "Farm and mill were mortgaged to the limit of their value, and even if she found a purchaser- in itself an unlikely chance- it was doubtful if she could clear a thousand dollars on the sale... it was only by incessant labor and personal supervision that he managed to draw a meager living from his land..."  Ã‚   The town in which he lived was also quite poor. It snowed most of the time, so it was a bad area for agriculture. Another type of poverty evident in Ethan's life was that he had little happiness. He was forced to quit his career to aide his sick father. His father th...

Epistemology: Scientific Method and Knowledge Essay

Epistemology can be difficult to understand and maybe even harder to say. The short answer is that epistemology is the theory of knowledge. Perhaps that is too short of an answer, allow me expand. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions concerning the nature, scope, and sources of knowledge. Even these concepts can be foreign to the common public. The nature of knowledge is basically the qualities that constitute knowledge. One would find this answer by asking â€Å"What is knowledge? † The scope of knowledge sets the limits on what is knowledge and is a belief, hypothesis, or guess. A person must prove knowledge. Suppose I generated a completely random number and I asked you what number I was thinking of. If you stated the correct number, does that mean you knew what I was thinking? The source of knowledge covers how we attain our knowledge. Now that we have established a basic understanding of epistemology, we can cover a few of the major schools of thought. When you think about a persons reasoning process, some people divide a persons thoughts into rational and irrational. If you are one of these people, you would use a deductive method of reasoning. You would also be considered a rationalist. As a rationalist, you believe that you can know things for certain even if you have never experienced it yourself. If you wanted to know which object would hit the ground first, when given two objects with different masses, you could take what you know about physics and figure it out without ever having to actually perform the experiment. There is another group that uses deductive reasoning but argue â€Å"all ideas trace ultimately back to experiences, such as perceptions and emotions. â€Å"(IEP, par. 2) These are the empiricists. These individuals claimed that if we didn’t have any experiences, we would have nothing to base our ideas off of. Taking a look back at the example above, you can see that we must know something about gravity. Our ideas on gravity stemmed from the observations of people like Newton. You can now see, through a little bit of deductive reasoning, how they believe everything is inductive. Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the â€Å"form and matter† epistemology. (Quine par 5) The idea is that you need to take into account your experiences and use deductive reasoning. Quine uses a metaphor involving the statue of Abraham Lincoln. Quine says â€Å"A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind, and matter which are the data of sensations. † What I understand of this is that you cannot experience everything in life so you must use deductive reasoning, but you must experience some things to have a basis for your knowledge. Skepticism is just as it sounds, to doubt. You may be familiar with the statement â€Å"I think, therefore I am† but may not know what it means, who stated it, and why it was ever said, and how it relates to skepticism. Descartes was looking for a way to prove truths by disproving everything else. He used two conjectures, the dream conjecture and the evil demon conjecture. The dream conjecture utilized the fact that the truth could be a figment of the imagination. The evil demon conjecture posed the idea that a malevolent force was distorting reality. Descartes used these two as tools. If a truth could pass these two filters, then indeed it was the truth. What he discovered was that a person could doubt everything except one truth: â€Å"I think, therefore I am† Here’s how it passed the test. A person must exist to be able to think. To doubt something requires thought. So the act of doubting your own existence proves that you exist. This was a great discovery but Descartes was troubled with other questions. Descartes found it difficult to make the mind-body connection. That is, the mind is immaterial and the body is physical, how can something immaterial move something that is material. Parallelism was proposed as a solution. Simply put, the mind does not move the arm, the act of willing the arm to move only appears to make the arm move. Two events happen in parallel, the act of willing the arm to move and the arm actually moving. How does it just so happen that these to events happen at precisely the same time? Occasionalism, a variant of parallelism, was offered. A person wills their arm to move and on that occasion a divine power causes the arm to move. Many theories have been set forth, some a little harder to grasp or understand than the others. From the examples above you may begin to understand what epistemology is. You can grasp parts from the short stories above that help explain the nature, scope, and sources of knowledge. Depending on your  position, all of this information presented could not even be true. You may not really be reading this. You may not even exist, do you doubt it? Works Cited http://pantheon. yale. edu http://www. london-oratory. org/philosophy W. V. O. Quine. Epistemology. 23 Mar 2004 The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Continental Rationalism. 23 Mar 2004 Chapter 6-Philosophy-The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology Chapter 7-Philosophy-The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Epistemology-University of Phoenix Faculty Material.

Ledership

What is leadership? According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) Leadership is a process of guiding individuals, groups, and entire organization in establishing goals and sustaining action to support goals. What exactly is meant by leadership? There are literally hundreds of definitions about who a leader is and what is considered as leadership. Each definition may vary from one individual to another and may change from one situation to the other. For example we might call an individual a leader because of the persons’ election to the presidency of an institution.Other times we say he/she is not a leader because he/she does not exhibit leadership behaviors expected of the of a leader. In other words, we expected leadership from the legitimate position of the presidency, but when that president does not exhibit leadership behaviors, we say that the president is not a leader. According to Yukl, (2002). The definition of leadership is arbitrary and very subjective. Some definitions are more useful than others, but there is no â€Å"correct† definition. Leadership theories: Theories are most useful for influencing practice when they suggest new ways in which events and situations can be perceived.Fresh insight may be provided by focusing attention on possible interrelationship that the practice has failed to notice, which can be further explored and tested through empirical research. If the result is a better understanding of practice, the theory –practice gap is significantly reduced for those concerned. (Hughes and Bush, 1991, p. 234). The trait theory This theory first surfaced in the writings of early Greeks and Romans and is prevalent today among those who believe that leadership cannot be developed.This theory assumed that leaders has innate traits that made them effective, great leaders were considered to be born with the ability for leadership, so it is either you have leadership qualities or you don’t . According to Shockley – z alabak (2009) theory of leadership, that leaders possessed innate traits that made them effective; is commonly referred to as the â€Å"great man† theory Leadership traits theory is the idea that people are born with certain character trait or qualities and since traits are associated with proficient leadership, it assumes that if you could identify eople with the correct traits, you will be able to identify leaders and people with leadership potential. It is considered that we are born naturally with traits as part of our personality; this theory in summary believes that leaders are born not made Criticism Researches were done to define traits or personality characteristic that best predict the effective leader. List of about eighty traits or characteristic were gotten but trait approach failed to define clearly a stable set of characteristic associated with effective leadership.Even the concept of what is effective remains open to question. This theory does not prove a comp rehensive explanation to how leaders interact with followers and meet the needs of specific circumstances. While truly others can be born leaders, it is incorrect to generalize by saying that leadership traits are in born and unchangeable. It’s true many of our dispositions and tendencies are influenced by our personalities and the way we are born. However, most people recognized that it is possible for someone to change their character trait for the worse.Someone known for being honest can learn to be deceitful, the whole idea of saying someone was â€Å"corrupted† is based on the fact that people can learn bad traits. If people can learn character traits and become different from the way they were born naturally traits can be learnt as well. A person who is prone to being dishonest can learn to be honest. A person who avoids risks can learn to take risk. It may not be easy, but it can be done. STYLE APPROACHES Leadership style approach focuses its attention on the le aders’ behavior. Leadership style is the combination of traits, skills, and behaviors leaders use as they interact with followers: (Lussier, 2004) Though leadership style is based on leadership skills and leadership traits, leadership behaviors is the important component. This is said to be the third approach to leadership studies, a consistent pattern of behavior is what characterizes a leader. â€Å"In shifting the study of leadership to leaders’ style or behaviors, the style approach expanded the study of leadership to various contexts† (North house, 2004).According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) style approach or theories attempt to identify and arrange the general approaches leaders use to achieve goals. These approaches are thought to be based or a leader’s assumption about what motivates people to accomplish goals. This theory attempts to identify a range of general approaches leaders use to influence goal achievement. These approaches are theorized t o be based on the leader’s assumption about what motivates people to accomplish goals.Particular approaches also reflect complex relationships among the personal characteristics of the leader. Top among the style theories is the autocratic-to-democratic continuum first proposed by Ralph while and Ronald Lippitt (1960). Autocratic style of leader is a leader who makes decisions with little influence from others Shockley- Zalabak (2009). The leader that exhibits this behavior makes the decisions, gives orders to employees, and is constantly supervising his subordinate. This leader tells others what to do and usually enforces sanctions against those who chose not to comply. He views his followers as essential for goal achievement but usually feels little responsibility for employee needs and relationship Shockley- zalabak (2009). Criticism Research suggests that autocratically led groups produce more in quantity than democratically led groups, but that the quality output is bett er when more democracy is practiced. Generally with autocratic styles the led are not happy so they just do as they are told not because they have the interest of the institution at heart or because they enjoy working.Democratic- Shockley-Zalabak (2009) states that this style of leaders is the one that involves followers in decision making. The leader that exhibits this behavior promotes shared decision, team work, and does not supervise his subordinates closely. He assumes followers are able to participate in decision making, they try to create a climate in which problem solving can take place while preserving interpersonal relationships. It is clear that these leadership styles are opposite’s end of a continuum.As such, it’s easy to think that a leader’s leadership style s follows between those ends. Criticism When a leader is democratic at times his other colleagues in leadership positions can look at him as a weakling and also the subordinates might take adv antage and wants to be disrespectful. Laissez-faire style- Here the leader behaves as non-leader. Individuals and groups are expected to make their own decisions because of a hand-off approach from the leader. The laissez-faire leader is an example of non-leader. This leader expects groups and individuals to make their own decision.He gives information only when ask by group members. Criticism The success of the group depends greatly on the abilities of the group and groups members willingness to work with little or no leadership. If the groups members consist of people that need a push to do things they won’t be able to achieve much. Impoverished management- According to Shockley- Zalabak (2009) this style is characterized by low concern for interpersonal relationships and task accomplishment. This leader makes few attempts to influence people towards task or goals.He dislikes leadership responsibilities and lets others take the responsibility that rightfully belongs to the leader. This leader is usually uncomfortable with leadership and intellectually resists the need for it. Criticism These leaders may be primarily responsible for the failure of the group. Middle- of- the- road management- This is a style of leader who balances task and peoples’ concerns; commonly referred to as compromised leadership or management. The leader negotiates and compromises to achieve workable agreements and directions for action Country club management-This is a style of leaders who emphasizes interpersonal relationship at the expense of goal achievement the leader here wants to be liked and have group followers who feel supported by the leader. He provides an interpersonal relationship bond that is low on task emphasis and high in interpersonal support Criticism He may want a task accomplished but will not take steps to emphasize this element to others, if members are not highly task oriented; he ends up doing their work. Rather than insisting that the employees exhibit high standards of performance. These leaders may not develop the abilities of the people under them.Team leadership: This is the theoretical ideal: team leaders exhibit high concern for both task and interpersonal relationships by emphasizing goal accomplishment while supporting people, it fosters a sense of â€Å"we† with high performance standards. This leadership share decision making and strives for problem solving designed to solve rather than postpone problem, it respects different point of view and value diversity as long as it contributes to the group effort. Criticism Team members who support one another but do not have enough ability or information to work on problems will not be able to produce a high-quality decision.

Battle of the Saintes in the American Revolution

Battle of the Saintes in the American Revolution Battle of the Saintes - Conflict Dates: The Battle of the Saintes was fought April 9-12, 1782, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Fleets Commanders British Admiral Sir George RodneyRear Admiral Samuel Hood36 ships of the line French Comte de Grasse33 ships of the line Battle of the Saintes - Background: Having won a strategic victory at the Battle of the Chesapeake in September 1781, Comte de Grasse took his French fleet south to the Caribbean where it aided in the capture of St. Eustatius, Demerary, St. Kitts, and Montserrat. As the spring of 1782 progressed, he made plans to unite with a Spanish force before sailing to capture British Jamaica. Grasse was opposed in these operations by a smaller British fleet led by Rear Admiral Samuel Hood. Aware of the danger posed by the French, the Admiralty dispatched Admiral Sir George Rodney with reinforcements in January 1782. Arriving at St. Lucia in mid-February, he was immediately concerned about the scope of British losses in the area. Uniting with Hood on the 25th, he was equally disturbed by condition and supply situation of his compatriots vessels. Shifting stores to compensate for these deficiencies, Rodney deployed his forces to intercept French reinforcements and box de Grasse into Martinique. Despite these efforts, some additional French ships reached de Grasses fleet at Fort Royal. On April 5, the French admiral sailed with 36 ships of the line and steered for Guadeloupe where he intended to board additional troops. Battle of the Saintes - Opening Moves: Pursuing with 37 ships of the line, Rodney caught up to the French on April 9, but fitful winds prevented a general engagement. Instead a minor battle was fought between Hoods van division and the rearmost French ships. In the fight, Royal Oak (74 guns), Montagu (74), and Alfred (74) were damaged, while the French Caton (64) took a heavy battering and steered away for Guadeloupe. Using a freshening wind, the French fleet drew away and both sides took April 10 to rest and repair. Early on April 11, with a strong wind blowing, Rodney signaled general chase and resumed his pursuit. Spotting the French the next day, the British bore down on a French straggler forcing de Grasse to turn to defend it. As the sun set, Rodney expressed confidence that the battle would be renewed the next day. With dawn breaking on April 12, the French were sighted a short distance away as the two fleets maneuvered between the northern end of Dominica and Les Saintes. Ordering line ahead, Rodney turned the fleet to head north-northeast. As Hoods van division had been battered three days earlier, he directed his rear division, under Rear Admiral Francis S. Drake, to take the lead. Battle of the Saintes - The Fleets Engage: Leading the British line, HMS Marlborough (74), Captain Taylor Penny, opened the battle around 8:00 AM when he approached the center of the French line. Easing north to remain parallel with the enemy, the ships of Drakes division passed the remaining length of de Grasses line as the two sides exchanged broadsides. Around 9:00 AM, Drakes rearmost ship, HMS Russell (74), cleared the end of the French fleet and hauled wind. While Drakes ships had taken some damage, they had inflicted a severe battering on the French. As the battle progressed, the strong winds of the previous day and night began to temper and became more variable. This had a dramatic effect on the next stage of the fight. Opening fire around 8:08 AM, Rodneys flagship, HMS Formidable (98), engaged the French center. Deliberately slowing, it engaged de Grasses flagship, Ville de Paris (104), in a protracted fight. As the winds lightened, a smoky haze descended on the battle impeding visibility. This, along with the wind shifting to the south, caused the French line to separate and bear to the west as it could not hold its course into the wind. The first to be affected by this shift, Glorieux (74) quickly was pounded and dismasted by British fire. In quick succession, four French ships fell afoul of each other. Sensing an opportunity, Formidable turned to starboard and brought its port guns to bear on these ships. Piercing the French line, the British flagship was followed by five of its comrades. Slicing through the French in two places, they hammered de Grasses ships. To the south, Commodore Edmund Affleck also grasped the opportunity and led the rearmost British ships through the French line inflicting significant damage. Battle of the Saintes - Pursuit: With their formation shattered and their ships damaged, the French fell away to the southwest in small groups. Collecting his ships, Rodney attempted to redeploy and make repairs before pursuing the enemy. Around midday, the wind freshened and the British pressed south. Quickly capturing Glorieux, the British caught up to the French rear around 3:00 PM. In succession, Rodneys ships captured CÃ ©sar (74), which later exploded, and then Hector (74) and Ardent (64). The final capture of the day saw the isolated Ville de Paris overwhelmed and taken along with de Grasse. Battle of the Saintes - Mona Passage: Breaking off the pursuit, Rodney remained off Guadeloupe until April 18 making repairs and consolidating his fleet. Late that day, he dispatched Hood west to attempt to head off those French ships which had escaped the battle. Spotting five French ships near the Mona Passage on April 19, Hood captured Ceres (18), Aimable (30), Caton, and Jason (64). Battle of the Saintes - Aftermath: Between the engagements of April 12 and 19, Rodneys forces captured seven French ships of the line as well as a frigate and sloop. British losses in the two fights totaled 253 killed and 830 wounded. French losses numbered around 2,000 killed and wounded and 6,300 captured. Coming on the heels of the defeats at Chesapeake and the Battle of Yorktown as well as the territorial losses in the Caribbean, the victory at the Saintes helped to restore British morale and reputation. More immediately, it eliminated the threat to Jamaica and provided a springboard for reversing the losses in the region. The Battle of the Saintes is generally remembered for the innovative breaking of the French line. Since the battle, there has been great debate as to whether Rodney ordered this maneuver or his fleet captain, Sir Charles Douglas. In the wake of the engagement, both Hood and Affleck were highly critical of Rodneys pursuit of the French on April 12. Both felt that a more vigorous and protracted effort could have led to the capture of 20 French ships of the line.